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Chapter 15  Examples

In this chapter we discuss the running and steering of WHIZARD with the help of several examples. These examples can be found in the share/examples directory of your installation. All of these examples are also shown on the WHIZARD Wiki page: https://whizard.hepforge.org/trac/wiki.

15.1  Z lineshape at LEP I

By this example, we demonstrate how a scan over collision energies works, using as example the measurement of the Z lineshape at LEP I in 1989. The SINDARIN script for this example, Z-lineshape.sin can be found in the share/examples folder of the WHIZARD installation.

We first use the Standard model as physics model:

 model = SM 

Aliases for electron, muon and their antiparticles as leptons and those including the photon as particles in general are introduced:

 alias lep = e1:E1:e2:E2 alias prt = lep:A 

Next, the two processes are defined, e+e → µ+µ, and the same with an explicit QED photon: e+e → µ+µγ,

 process bornproc = e1, E1 => e2, E2 process rc = e1, E1 => e2, E2, A compile 

and the processes are compiled. Now, we define some very loose cuts to avoid singular regions in phase space, name an infrared cutoff of 100 MeV for all particles, a cut on the angular separation from the beam axis and a di-particle invariant mass cut which regularizes collinear singularities:

 cuts = all E >= 100 MeV [prt] and all abs (cos(Theta)) <= 0.99 [prt] and all M2 >= (1 GeV)^2 [prt, prt] 

For the graphical analysis, we give a description and labels for the x- and y-axis in LATEX syntax:

 $description = "A WHIZARD Example"$x_label = "$\sqrt{s}$/GeV" $y_label = "$\sigma(s)$/pb"  We define two plots for the lineshape of the e+e → µ+µ process between 88 and 95 GeV,  $title = "The Z Lineshape in $e^+e^-\to\mu^+\mu^-$" plot lineshape_born { x_min = 88 GeV x_max = 95 GeV } 

 $title = "The Z Lineshape in$e^+e^-\to\mu^+\mu^-\gamma$" plot lineshape_rc { x_min = 88 GeV x_max = 95 GeV }  The next part of the SINDARIN file actually performs the scan:  scan sqrts = ((88.0 GeV => 90.0 GeV /+ 0.5 GeV), (90.1 GeV => 91.9 GeV /+ 0.1 GeV), (92.0 GeV => 95.0 GeV /+ 0.5 GeV)) { beams = e1, E1 integrate (bornproc) { iterations = 2:1000:"gw", 1:2000 } record lineshape_born (sqrts, integral (bornproc) / 1000) integrate (rc) { iterations = 5:3000:"gw", 2:5000 } record lineshape_rc (sqrts, integral (rc) / 1000) }  So from 88 to 90 GeV, we go in 0.5 GeV steps, then from 90 to 92 GeV in tenth of GeV, and then up to 95 GeV again in half a GeV steps. The partonic beam definition is redundant. Then, the born process is integrated, using a certain specification of calls with adaptation of grids and weights, as well as a final pass. The lineshape of the Born process is defined as a record statement, generating tuples of √s and the Born cross section (converted from femtobarn to picobarn). The same happens for the radiative 2→3 process with a bit more iterations because of the complexity, and the definition of the corresponding lineshape record. If you run the SINDARIN script, you will find an output like:   | Process library 'default_lib': loading | Process library 'default_lib': ... success.$description = "A WHIZARD Example" $x_label = "$\sqrt{s}$/GeV"$y_label = "$\sigma(s)$/pb" $title = "The Z Lineshape in$e^+e^-\to\mu^+\mu^-$" x_min = 8.800000000000E+01 x_max = 9.500000000000E+01$title = "The Z Lineshape in $e^+e^-\to\mu^+\mu^-\gamma$" x_min = 8.800000000000E+01 x_max = 9.500000000000E+01 sqrts = 8.800000000000E+01 | RNG: Initializing TAO random-number generator | RNG: Setting seed for random-number generator to 10713 | Initializing integration for process bornproc: | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Process [scattering]: 'bornproc' | Library name = 'default_lib' | Process index = 1 | Process components: | 1: 'bornproc_i1': e-, e+ => mu-, mu+ [omega] | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Beam structure: e-, e+ | Beam data (collision): | e- (mass = 5.1099700E-04 GeV) | e+ (mass = 5.1099700E-04 GeV) | sqrts = 8.800000000000E+01 GeV | Phase space: generating configuration ... | Phase space: ... success. | Phase space: writing configuration file 'bornproc_i1.phs' | Phase space: 1 channels, 2 dimensions | Phase space: found 1 channel, collected in 1 grove. | Phase space: Using 1 equivalence between channels. | Phase space: wood | Applying user-defined cuts. | OpenMP: Using 8 threads | Starting integration for process 'bornproc' | Integrate: iterations = 2:1000:"gw", 1:2000 | Integrator: 1 chains, 1 channels, 2 dimensions | Integrator: Using VAMP channel equivalences | Integrator: 1000 initial calls, 20 bins, stratified = T | Integrator: VAMP |=============================================================================| | It Calls Integral[fb] Error[fb] Err[%] Acc Eff[%] Chi2 N[It] | |=============================================================================| 1 800 2.5881432E+05 1.85E+03 0.72 0.20* 48.97 2 800 2.6368495E+05 9.25E+02 0.35 0.10* 28.32 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 2 1600 2.6271122E+05 8.28E+02 0.32 0.13 28.32 5.54 2 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 3 1988 2.6313791E+05 5.38E+02 0.20 0.09* 35.09 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 3 1988 2.6313791E+05 5.38E+02 0.20 0.09 35.09 |=============================================================================| | Time estimate for generating 10000 events: 0d:00h:00m:05s [.......] 

and then the integrations for the other energy points of the scan will

follow, and finally the same is done for the radiative process as well. At the end of the SINDARIN script we compile the graphical WHIZARD analysis and direct the data for the plots into the file Z-lineshape.dat:

 compile_analysis { $out_file = "Z-lineshape.dat" }  In this case there is no event generation, but simply the cross section values for the scan are dumped into a data file:  $out_file = "Z-lineshape.dat" | Opening file 'Z-lineshape.dat' for output | Writing analysis data to file 'Z-lineshape.dat' | Closing file 'Z-lineshape.dat' for output | Compiling analysis results display in 'Z-lineshape.tex' 

Fig. 15.1 shows the graphical WHIZARD output of the Z lineshape in the dimuon final state from the scan on the left, and the same for the radiative process with an additional photon on the right.

15.2  W pairs at LEP II

This example which can be found as file LEP_cc10.sin in the share/examples directory, shows W pair production in the semileptonic mode at LEP II with its final energy of 209 GeV. Because there are ten contributing Feynman diagrams, the process has been dubbed CC10: charged current process with 10 diagrams. We work within the Standard Model:

  model = SM 

Then the process is defined, where no flavor summation is done for the jets here:

  process cc10 = e1, E1 => e2, N2, u, D 

A compilation statement is optional, and then we set the muon mass to zero:

  mmu = 0 

The final LEP center-of-momentum energy of 209 GeV is set:

  sqrts = 209 GeV 

Then, we integrate the process:

  integrate (cc10) { iterations = 12:20000 } 

Running the SINDARIN file up to here, results in the output:

  | Process library 'default_lib': loading | Process library 'default_lib': ... success. SM.mmu = 0.000000000000E+00 sqrts = 2.090000000000E+02 | RNG: Initializing TAO random-number generator | RNG: Setting seed for random-number generator to 31255 | Initializing integration for process cc10: | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Process [scattering]: 'cc10' | Library name = 'default_lib' | Process index = 1 | Process components: | 1: 'cc10_i1': e-, e+ => mu-, numubar, u, dbar [omega] | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Beam structure: [any particles] | Beam data (collision): | e- (mass = 5.1099700E-04 GeV) | e+ (mass = 5.1099700E-04 GeV) | sqrts = 2.090000000000E+02 GeV | Phase space: generating configuration ... | Phase space: ... success. | Phase space: writing configuration file 'cc10_i1.phs' | Phase space: 25 channels, 8 dimensions | Phase space: found 25 channels, collected in 7 groves. | Phase space: Using 25 equivalences between channels. | Phase space: wood Warning: No cuts have been defined. | OpenMP: Using 8 threads | Starting integration for process 'cc10' | Integrate: iterations = 12:20000 | Integrator: 7 chains, 25 channels, 8 dimensions | Integrator: Using VAMP channel equivalences | Integrator: 20000 initial calls, 20 bins, stratified = T | Integrator: VAMP |=============================================================================| | It Calls Integral[fb] Error[fb] Err[%] Acc Eff[%] Chi2 N[It] | |=============================================================================| 1 19975 6.4714908E+02 2.17E+01 3.36 4.75* 2.33 2 19975 7.3251876E+02 2.45E+01 3.34 4.72* 2.17 3 19975 6.7746497E+02 2.39E+01 3.52 4.98 1.77 4 19975 7.2075198E+02 2.41E+01 3.34 4.72* 1.76 5 19975 6.5976152E+02 2.26E+01 3.43 4.84 1.46 6 19975 6.6633310E+02 2.26E+01 3.39 4.79* 1.43 7 19975 6.7539385E+02 2.29E+01 3.40 4.80 1.43 8 19975 6.6754027E+02 2.11E+01 3.15 4.46* 1.41 9 19975 7.3975817E+02 2.52E+01 3.40 4.81 1.53 10 19975 7.2284275E+02 2.39E+01 3.31 4.68* 1.47 11 19975 6.5476917E+02 2.18E+01 3.33 4.71 1.33 12 19975 7.2963866E+02 2.54E+01 3.48 4.92 1.46 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 12 239700 6.8779583E+02 6.69E+00 0.97 4.76 1.46 2.18 12 |=============================================================================| | Time estimate for generating 10000 events: 0d:00h:01m:16s | Creating integration history display cc10-history.ps and cc10-history.pdf 

The next step is event generation. In order to get smooth distributions, we set the integrated luminosity to 10 fb−1. (Note that LEP II in its final year 2000 had an integrated luminosity of roughly 0.2 fb−1.)

  luminosity = 10 

With the simulated events corresponding to those 10 inverse femtobarn we want to perform a WHIZARD analysis: we are going to plot the dijet invariant mass, as well as the energy of the outgoing muon. For the plot of the analysis, we define a description and label the y axis:

 $description = "A WHIZARD Example. Charged current CC10 process from LEP 2."$y_label = "$N_{\textrm{events}}$" 

We also use LATEX-syntax for the title of the first plot and the x-label, and then define the histogram of the dijet invariant mass in the range around the W mass from 70 to 90 GeV in steps of half a GeV:

 $title = "Di-jet invariant mass$M_{jj}$in$e^+e^- \to \mu^- \bar\nu_\mu u \bar d$"$x_label = "$M_{jj}$/GeV" histogram m_jets (70 GeV, 90 GeV, 0.5 GeV) 

And we do the same for the second histogram of the muon energy:

 $title = "Muon energy$E_\mu$in$e^+e^- \to \mu^- \bar\nu_\mu u \bar d$"$x_label = "$E_\mu$/GeV" histogram e_muon (0 GeV, 209 GeV, 4) 

Now, we define the analysis consisting of two record statements initializing the two observables that are plotted as histograms:

 analysis = record m_jets (eval M [u,D]); record e_muon (eval E [e2]) 

At the very end, we perform the event generation

 simulate (cc10) 

and finally the writing and compilation of the analysis in a named data file:

 compile_analysis { $out_file = "cc10.dat" }  This event generation part screen output looks like this:   luminosity = 1.000000000000E+01$description = "A WHIZARD Example. Charged current CC10 process from LEP 2." $y_label = "$N_{\textrm{events}}$"$title = "Di-jet invariant mass $M_{jj}$ in $e^+e^- \to \mu^- \bar\nu_\mu u \bar d$" $x_label = "$M_{jj}$/GeV"$title = "Muon energy $E_\mu$ in $e^+e^- \to \mu^- \bar\nu_\mu u \bar d$" $x_label = "$E_\mu$/GeV" | Starting simulation for process 'cc10' | Simulate: using integration grids from file 'cc10_m1.vg' | RNG: Initializing TAO random-number generator | RNG: Setting seed for random-number generator to 9910 | OpenMP: Using 8 threads | Simulation: using n_events as computed from luminosity value | Events: writing to raw file 'cc10.evx' | Events: generating 6830 unweighted, unpolarized events ... | Events: event normalization mode '1' | ... event sample complete. Warning: Encountered events with excess weight: 39 events ( 0.571 %) | Maximum excess weight = 1.027E+00 | Average excess weight = 6.764E-04 | Events: closing raw file 'cc10.evx'$out_file = "cc10.dat" | Opening file 'cc10.dat' for output | Writing analysis data to file 'cc10.dat' | Closing file 'cc10.dat' for output | Compiling analysis results display in 'cc10.tex' 

Then comes the LATEX output of the compilation of the graphical analysis. Fig. 15.2 shows the two histograms as the are produced as result of the WHIZARD internal graphical analysis.

15.3  Higgs search at LEP II

This example can be found under the name LEP_higgs.sin in the share/doc folder of WHIZARD. It displays different search channels for a very light would-be SM Higgs boson of mass 115 GeV at the LEP II machine at its highest energy it finally achieved, 209 GeV. First, we use the Standard Model:

 model = SM 

Then, we define aliases for neutrinos, antineutrinos, light quarks and light anti-quarks:

 alias n = n1:n2:n3 alias N = N1:N2:N3 alias q = u:d:s:c alias Q = U:D:S:C 

Now, we define the signal process, which is Higgsstrahlung,

 process zh = e1, E1 => Z, h 

the missing-energy channel,

 process nnbb = e1, E1 => n, N, b, B 

and finally the 4-jet as well as dilepton-dijet channels:

 process qqbb = e1, E1 => q, Q, b, B process bbbb = e1, E1 => b, B, b, B process eebb = e1, E1 => e1, E1, b, B process qqtt = e1, E1 => q, Q, e3, E3 process bbtt = e1, E1 => b, B, e3, E3 compile 

and we compile the code. We set the center-of-momentum energy to the highest energy LEP II achieved,

 sqrts = 209 GeV 

For the Higgs boson, we take the values of a would-be SM Higgs boson with mass of 115 GeV, which would have had a width of a bit more than 3 MeV:

 mH = 115 GeV wH = 3.228 MeV 

We take a running b quark mass to take into account NLO corrections to the Hbb vertex, while all other fermions are massless:

 mb = 2.9 GeV me = 0 ms = 0 mc = 0 
  | Process library 'default_lib': loading | Process library 'default_lib': ... success. sqrts = 2.090000000000E+02 SM.mH = 1.150000000000E+02 SM.wH = 3.228000000000E-03 SM.mb = 2.900000000000E+00 SM.me = 0.000000000000E+00 SM.ms = 0.000000000000E+00 SM.mc = 0.000000000000E+00 

To avoid soft-collinear singular phase-space regions, we apply an invariant mass cut on light quark pairs:

 cuts = all M >= 10 GeV [q,Q] 

Now, we integrate the signal process as well as the combined signal and background processes:

 integrate (zh) { iterations = 5:5000} integrate(nnbb,qqbb,bbbb,eebb,qqtt,bbtt) { iterations = 12:20000 } 
  | RNG: Initializing TAO random-number generator | RNG: Setting seed for random-number generator to 21791 | Initializing integration for process zh: | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Process [scattering]: 'zh' | Library name = 'default_lib' | Process index = 1 | Process components: | 1: 'zh_i1': e-, e+ => Z, H [omega] | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Beam structure: [any particles] | Beam data (collision): | e- (mass = 0.0000000E+00 GeV) | e+ (mass = 0.0000000E+00 GeV) | sqrts = 2.090000000000E+02 GeV | Phase space: generating configuration ... | Phase space: ... success. | Phase space: writing configuration file 'zh_i1.phs' | Phase space: 1 channels, 2 dimensions | Phase space: found 1 channel, collected in 1 grove. | Phase space: Using 1 equivalence between channels. | Phase space: wood | Applying user-defined cuts. | OpenMP: Using 8 threads | Starting integration for process 'zh' | Integrate: iterations = 5:5000 | Integrator: 1 chains, 1 channels, 2 dimensions | Integrator: Using VAMP channel equivalences | Integrator: 5000 initial calls, 20 bins, stratified = T | Integrator: VAMP |=============================================================================| | It Calls Integral[fb] Error[fb] Err[%] Acc Eff[%] Chi2 N[It] | |=============================================================================| 1 4608 1.6114109E+02 5.52E-04 0.00 0.00* 99.43 2 4608 1.6114220E+02 5.59E-04 0.00 0.00 99.43 3 4608 1.6114103E+02 5.77E-04 0.00 0.00 99.43 4 4608 1.6114111E+02 5.74E-04 0.00 0.00* 99.43 5 4608 1.6114103E+02 5.66E-04 0.00 0.00* 99.43 |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 5 23040 1.6114130E+02 2.53E-04 0.00 0.00 99.43 0.82 5 |=============================================================================| [.....] 

Because the other integrations look rather similar, we refrain from displaying them here, too. As a next step, we define titles, descriptions and axis labels for the histograms we want to generate. There are two of them, one os the invisible mass distribution, the other is the di-b-jet invariant mass. Both histograms are taking values between 70 and 130 GeV with bin widths of half a GeV:

 $description = "A WHIZARD Example. Light Higgs search at LEP. A 115 GeV pseudo-Higgs has been added. Luminosity enlarged by two orders of magnitude."$y_label = "$N_{\textrm{events}}$" $title = "Invisible mass distribution in$e^+e^- \to \nu\bar\nu b \bar b$"$x_label = "$M_{\nu\nu}$/GeV" histogram m_invisible (70 GeV, 130 GeV, 0.5 GeV) $title = "$bb$invariant mass distribution in$e^+e^- \to \nu\bar\nu b \bar b$"$x_label = "$M_{b\bar b}$/GeV" histogram m_bb (70 GeV, 130 GeV, 0.5 GeV) 

The analysis is initialized by defining the two records for the invisible mass and the invariant mass of the two b jets:

 analysis = record m_invisible (eval M [n,N]); record m_bb (eval M [b,B]) 

In order to have enough statistics, we enlarge the LEP integrated luminosity at 209 GeV by more than two orders of magnitude:

 luminosity = 10 

We start event generation by simulating the process with two b jets and two neutrinos in the final state:

 simulate (nnbb) 

As a third histogram, we define the dijet invariant mass of two light jets:

 $title = "Dijet invariant mass distribution in$e^+e^- \to q \bar q b \bar b$"$x_label = "$M_{q\bar q}$/GeV" histogram m_jj (70 GeV, 130 GeV, 0.5 GeV) 

Then we simulate the 4-jet process defining the light-dijet distribution as a local record:

 simulate (qqbb) { analysis = record m_jj (eval M / 1 GeV [combine [q,Q]]) } 

Finally, we compile the analysis,

 compile_analysis { $out_file = "lep_higgs.dat" }    | Starting simulation for process 'nnbb' | Simulate: using integration grids from file 'nnbb_m1.vg' | RNG: Initializing TAO random-number generator | RNG: Setting seed for random-number generator to 21798 | OpenMP: Using 8 threads | Simulation: using n_events as computed from luminosity value | Events: writing to raw file 'nnbb.evx' | Events: generating 1070 unweighted, unpolarized events ... | Events: event normalization mode '1' | ... event sample complete. Warning: Encountered events with excess weight: 207 events ( 19.346 %) | Maximum excess weight = 1.534E+00 | Average excess weight = 4.909E-02 | Events: closing raw file 'nnbb.evx'$title = "Dijet invariant mass distribution in $e^+e^- \to q \bar q b \bar b$" $x_label = "$M_{q\bar q}$/GeV" | Starting simulation for process 'qqbb' | Simulate: using integration grids from file 'qqbb_m1.vg' | RNG: Initializing TAO random-number generator | RNG: Setting seed for random-number generator to 21799 | OpenMP: Using 8 threads | Simulation: using n_events as computed from luminosity value | Events: writing to raw file 'qqbb.evx' | Events: generating 4607 unweighted, unpolarized events ... | Events: event normalization mode '1' | ... event sample complete. Warning: Encountered events with excess weight: 112 events ( 2.431 %) | Maximum excess weight = 8.875E-01 | Average excess weight = 4.030E-03 | Events: closing raw file 'qqbb.evx'$out_file = "lep_higgs.dat" | Opening file 'lep_higgs.dat' for output | Writing analysis data to file 'lep_higgs.dat' | Closing file 'lep_higgs.dat' for output | Compiling analysis results display in 'lep_higgs.tex' 

The graphical analysis of the events generated by WHIZARD are shown in Fig. 15.3. In the upper left, the invisible mass distribution in the bb + Emiss state is shown, peaking around the Z mass. The upper right shows the M(bb) distribution in the same final state, while the lower plot has the invariant mass distribution of the two non-b-tagged (light) jets in the bbjj final state. The latter shows only the Z peak, while the former exhibits the narrow would-be 115 GeV Higgs state.